Marx’s Alienation of Labour Essay -- Karl Marx Labour Essays

Marxs Alienation of LabourThere is deep substance and umteen common themes that arose throughout Marxs career as a philosopher and political thinker. A common expressed notion throughout his and Fredrick Engels work consists of contempt for the industrial capitalist society that was growing around him during the industrial revolution. Capitalism according to Marx is a brotherly system with inherent exploitation and injustice. (Pappenheim, p. 81) It is a social system, which intrinsically hinders all of its participants and specifically debilitates the working class. Though some within the capitalist system may benefit with greater monetary gain and ecumenic acquisition of wealth, the structure of the system is bound to alienate all its participants. This paper intends to evaluate Karl Marxs theory of alienated labour. In doing so it will evidence how capitalism both a century and a half ago, and to this very day, produces and also perpetuates derangement within the work environm ent. Though Marxs theory of alienation is not without its flaws, the fundamental backbone to his theory is still relevant to this day. A critical ingredient is to take Marxs basic premises of alienation into mount and realize that the capitalist world has evolved tremendously since Marxs work during the early years of Industrial Revolution. Marxs archetype of alienation can be defined as the distortion of human nature that is caused by the domination of the worker by the alien will of the capitalist estrangement (Ritzer, p. 55). A key element to his theory of alienation focuses on the individuals experience of feeling powerlessness when they fail to realize their own human potential, which in turn causes senseless consciousness. His theory is based upon his dialectics and on the totality of reciprocal relationships to nature and to other individuals within society, which are motivated and perpetuated by the need for material things. Marx theoretical concept of alienation was fo rged during his transition from the Critique of Hegel to the Critique of Economic philosophy. It was during this time that the issues of labour and class became central to his theories. In Marxs early writings, specifically The Economic Philosophical Manuscript written in 1844, he presented the types of alienation which where interdependent and rooted in the productive labour of capitalism.... ...f Maryland. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Baltimore, MD., 2000. Alienation and the kindly System edited Finifter, W., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1972.Joachim, I., Alienation From Marx to ultramodern Sociology A Macrosociological Analysis, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA., 1971.Pappenheim, F., The Alienation of Modern Man An Interpretation Based On Marx and Tonnies, New York, New York., Modern Reader, 1967.Marx, Karl, & Engels, Fredrich, The Communist Manifesto, Bantam Books, New York, New York, 1992.Marx, Karl, Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx - Engels Collect ed Works Volume 3 Karl Marx Internet Archive, Progress Publishers, 1932. Retrieved from http//www.marxists.org/ inscription/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm & http//csf.colorado.edu/psn/marx/archive/1844-epm/1st.htmlKuhn, Rick, Introductions to Marxism, retrieved fromhttp//www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/intros.htmlKARL MARX ALIENATIONhttp//acme.highpoint.edu/rramke/Marx-A.htmlThe Alienation of Labor, retrieved fromhttp//www.wsu.edu8080/dee/MODERN/ALIEN.HTMMicrosoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, Copyright 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation.

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide - Eliminate the Pain or Eliminate the P

Eliminate the Pain or Eliminate the Patient? Proponents of euthanasia reason out that mercy-killing is necessary because patients, particularly those with terminal illness, experience un retardlable pain(1). They argue that the only way to alleviate the pain is to eliminate the patient. But is there a wear out way? This essay proves that there is a better way, and this medical opinion is backed up by the best medical opinion available. The better rejoinder to patients in pain is not to kill them, but to make sure that the medicine and technology currently available to control pain is used more widely and completely. According to a 1992 manual produced by the Washing ton Medical Association, Pain Management and Care of the Terminal Patient, adequate interventions exist to control pain in 90 to 99% of patients.2 The problem is that uninformed medical personnel using outdated or inadequate methods often fail in practice to bring patients relief from pain that todays advanced techn iques make possible. Doctor Kathleen Foley, Chief of Pain Services at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in vernal York, explained in the July 1991 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management how proper pain management has mitigated patient wishes for assisted suicide We frequently watch patients referred to our Pain Clinic who request physician-assisted suicide because of uncontrolled pain. We commonly see such ideation and requests dissolve with adequate control of pain and other symptoms, using combinations of pharmacologic, neurosurgical, anesthetic, or mental approaches.3 In treating Total Pain 4, it should be remembered that the social and mental pain suffered by terminally ill patients may exace... ...tional Cancer Institute, Questions and Answers about Pain Control, (1992), pp. 43-51. 9. Matthew Conolly, M.D., earn to author, August 2, 1993. 10. Louis Saeger, Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) in Caner Pain Management, Supra Note 1, pp. 149-53. 11. Ibid. 12. Chuck Michelini, Patients Put in Control of Their Pain Medication, Medical Tribune (October 29, 1986) p. 46. 13. Gene Bylinsky, New Gains in the Fight Against Pain, Fortune (March 22, 1993) p. 116. 14. Matthew Conolly, M.D., letter to author, August 2, 1993. 15. Jane M. Anderson, Pain Management Challenging the Myths, Medical World News (April 1992) p. 20. 16. David E. Weissman, June L. Dahl, and John W. Beasley, The Caner Pain Role mannikin Program of the Wisconsin Cancer Pain Initiative, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management v. 8 (January 1993) p. 29.

Human Resources Testing of Candidates Essay -- HR Human Resources

IntroductionAmong some of the most critical decision that human choice has to make is the biggest decision to hire the right person for the job. After the initial applications programme and interviewing has been done, HR has a potential expectation they must conduct an application screening. I will discuss HR process of seeking application on their ability to perform the job and credit reports use to determine if the canisterdidate is a good or bad vista to hire. TestingThe question is what test does HR use? There are so more test programs available that are design to test a variety of assessments, testing employees have become over whelming for HR. There is no one test that can determine if HR has chosen the right candidate. If a candidate cogent to pass the test, it will not show what kind of work habits, reliability, trustworthiness, honesty, leadership, ardent or level of stress that a candidate can tolerate. The selection of test has to fit the job description that a candidate is applying for. For example if a candidate is applying for administrative job there selection would be a typing test or aptitude test, stress test, construction worker would take a test on math , financing person would take a test math, behavioral Test result defines candidate skills to see if they can do the job. The more in depth organizations dig into candidate ability to undercover the skill the more it will cost the organization. Because there are so many test available HR has to take into an account that multi testing candidates will cost an organizations millions of dollars. The least cost effective ways to test potential candidates, apply paper and pencil, highly technology software testing cost millions of dollars especially if an... ...said, because they need the job.ConclusionHR is responsible for making sure that potential candidates go through an application screening, testing and credit check before they are hired. It is important to make sure that the right candidates are hired by apply the most cost effective testing tools to determine application, interview and references to determine if their are the right candidate. Works CitedOsborne, J E. (1996, December). Improving hiring decisions Employee testing of candidates. Getting Results ... for the detention - On Manager, 41(12), 6-7. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID 10508917).Thomas Frank. (2009, February 13). Job credit checks called unfair Needy hurt most 5 states eye limits. USA TODAY,p. A.1. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID 1645005741).

Film Analysis :: essays research papers

Film AssignmentI retain this opinion that the States a land of opportunity and also a rat race. Why I say both of them? First, it is because, for me, America is a land of opportunity. Everybody has the opportunity to work as long as they have the willing to work, the work ethic. Its besides not everybody has the willing to work because the government will support those people who are unemployed. Like foreign students for example. The INS gives foreign students the practical training permit, so they washstand use it for working in the US after they finish their school. Even though its only a one-year permit, at least they have the opportunity to look for a company who is willing to be their sponsor for applying for the H-1 visa. Like in the movie Its a Wonderful Life. When George Bailey got bankrupt, he has another(prenominal) chance to make everything back to normal if he wanted to. However, when we look at the individual social mobility, it makes America a rat race country. Sinc e America is known as a land of opportunity, which will lead into a rat race because people may want to accomplish or touch their goal. Everybody is trying to get the highest military posture in his or her job. Everybody is trying to make higher pull in in his or her life. They will do anything to get into that position even though they have to do something illegal, something bad, something deceitful, corruption. Everybody is competing and just thinks about him or her self. Like in the Glengarry Glen Ross, everybody is trying to keep his job there. They have to make the highest profit or they will lose their job, and that makes some of the officers rob the office. Its a beautiful life is a kind of family movie that has a happy ending. When I watched it, I got so depressed in the middle of the movie because everything happens is just like a tragedy. That is the basic story after all. George Bailey has been dealt a savage shiner and is contemplating suicide at his lowest ebb. It t akes an apprentice angel to put it all in perspective and remind him that joy in life should never be eclipsed by any setback.After all how many of us can empathize with a penny pinching self centered old grouch versus a good man faced with letting his family and friends down.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Post-Traumatic Stress disoblige is a condition from which nearly 10% ofAmeri hind ends suffer. It, unlike other afflictions, is associated with a wide admixture of circumstances. Many war veterans suffer from Post accidental injurytic StressDisorder. However, a new group of people are quickly emerging as common suffersof Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-sexually abused children. Posttraumatic StressDisorder is a prevalent problem associated with children who are victims ofsexual assault.Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder underthe diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (DSM-III). The diagnoses forPosttraumatic Stress Disorder was not formally diagnosed as part of DSM-IIIuntil 1980. According to Famolaro, the diagnoses of Posttraumatic StressDisorder requires (a) experience of a significant traumatic events (b) re-experiencing of the trauma in one of several different thought, emotional, orbehavioral forms (d) persistent symptoms of increased aro usal, Particularlywhen exposedto stimuli concretely or symbolically reminiscent of the trauma (e)symptoms lasting at least one month. (Famolaro, Maternal and ChildPosttraumatic... 28).Children are now becoming realized as significant sufferers ofPosttraumatic Stress Disorder. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is particularlybad for children under the age of 11, because they lack many of the skillsneeded to protect themselves. Furthermore, this vulnerability is enhanced whenthe child is exposed to any maltreatment. According to modern studies,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a common sequella of severe or chronicmaltreatment of children, particularly among sexually maltreated children (Famularo, Symptom Differences... 28). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can becaused if the child is exposed to just one traumatic episode (rape, witnessing aviolent crime, physical abuse) However, the child will become more opento Posttraumatic Stress Disorder if the maltreatment continues. Moreover, achild is most likely to suffer from symptoms associated with PosttraumaticStress Disorder when sexual assault is involved(28).Because children reach not to that extent developed cognitively emotionally and arevery immature, they are likely candidates to develop symptoms related toPosttraumatic Stress Disorder. As a child matures he/she becomes cave inequipped to deal with and prevent contributing factors to the eventual sufferingfrom Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Up to age two, young children can recreatestressful events and even calculate such events recurring However, the mind isnot developed enough to identify, anticipate, or prevent future traumaticoccurrences. At age three, children cannot, distance themselves, in time, consider roles and differences in behavior, access situation, or adoptnonegocentric causality (Saigh 189). This flaw opens them up to the impact oftrauma because the child cannot anticipate and protect themselves. By age four,children have the ability to protect themselves by avoiding traumatic encounters.They also have the ability to suppress their anxiety when it becomes difficult

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Post-Traumatic vehemence Disorder is a condition from which nearly 10% ofAmericans suffer. It, unlike other afflictions, is associated with a widevariety of circumstances. umteen war veterans suffer from Post woundtic judgeDisorder. However, a new group of people are quickly emerging as common suffersof Posttraumatic tune Disorder-sexually abused children. Posttraumatic StressDisorder is a prevalent problem associated with children who are victims ofsexual assault.Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder underthe Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Disorders (DSM-III). The diagnoses forPosttraumatic Stress Disorder was not formally diagnosed as part of DSM-IIIuntil 1980. According to Famolaro, the diagnoses of Posttraumatic StressDisorder requires (a) experience of a significant traumatic events (b) re-experiencing of the trauma in one of several different thought, emotional, orbehavioral forms (d) persistent symptoms of increased arousal, Particularlyw hen exposedto stimuli concretely or symbolically reminiscent of the trauma (e)symptoms lasting at least one month. (Famolaro, Maternal and ChildPosttraumatic... 28).Children are now becoming realized as significant sufferers ofPosttraumatic Stress Disorder. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is speciallybad for children under the age of 11, because they lack many of the skillsneeded to protect themselves. Furthermore, this vulner world power is enhanced whenthe child is exposed to any maltreatment. According to recent studies,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a common sequella of severe or chronicmaltreatment of children, particularly among sexually maltreated children (Famularo, Symptom Differences... 28). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can becaused if the child is exposed to just one traumatic episode (rape, witnessing aviolent crime, physical abuse) However, the child will become more susceptibleto Posttraumatic Stress Disorder if the maltreatment continues. Moreover, achild is most l ikely to suffer from symptoms associated with PosttraumaticStress Disorder when sexual assault is involved(28).Because children have not yet essential cognitively emotionally and arevery immature, they are likely candidates to develop symptoms related toPosttraumatic Stress Disorder. As a child matures he/she becomes betterequipt to deal with and prevent contributing factors to the eventual sufferingfrom Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Up to age two, young children can recreatestressful events and even imagine such(prenominal) events recurring However, the mind isnot developed enough to identify, anticipate, or prevent future traumaticoccurrences. At age three, children cannot, distance themselves, in time,appreciate roles and differences in behavior, access situation, or adoptnonegocentric causality (Saigh 189). This flaw opens them up to the impact oftrauma because the child cannot anticipate and protect themselves. By age four,children have the ability to protect themselves by av oiding traumatic encounters.They also have the ability to suppress their anxiety when it becomes difficult

How the earth was made Essay

1. According to the church, the age of the existence was 6,000 long time old.2. James Hutton discovered that the earth was much older from the tilted rocks because he knew these rocks was once laid down horizont anyy on the sea floor and were buried under great foresight to be crystalized. Then they were tilted on end by great earth forces and then eroded a bureau. The rocks were then deposited on top. He understood it had to expect millions of years for this process to happen.3. Lord Kelvin calculated the earth to be around 20 million years old from the law of thermodynamics. 4. Arthur Holmes used radioactive particles of uranium in the attempt to accu value date the planet. He used radiometric dating which changed the concept of how old the earth is.5. The accepted age is the Earth is 4.5 million years.6. The source of most water on the Earth was extraterrestrial. It was asteroids that were filled with water that crashed on the Earth that we get our water from.7. Granite rocks started to form the uncorrupteds 3.4 billion years past8. Granite rocks have a much lower density than basalt.9. The stromatolites is a single cell organism that lives off sunlight and it would fill the air with oxygen fashioning life on earth possible. 10. Alfred Weneger was a German weather scientist and proposed that the continents had been joined together.11. It made an extrapolation of the rocks. I was hard to believe to have a larger continent be pushed through the ocean floor and his theory was considered wrong.12. On either side of the plates in Iceland in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, it is expanding the size of the Atlantic Ocean. excessively the Fisher Eruptions in Iceland mark the path of the deep plate boundary all around the island. It is also pushing America and Europe a part.13. The rate of continental drift is 2.5cm per year.14. The name of the first exceedingly continent formed 1 billion years ago is Rodina 15. 700 million years ago, Rodina position was s toppage the currentsthat brought warm water from the equator to the poles. Without this heat, the polar region froze. The ice reflect the suns ray from the earth and the snowball effect occurred. 16. Beneath the ice the in store(predicate) continent was in turmoil. Vast volcanic eruptions split Rodina a part. 17. The fossils in the Burgess Shale indicate that 500 million years ago life set off with staggering diversity and complexity. 18. The formation of the ozone layer lead to life because it freed life forms from the oceans. The ozone layer was a UV shield for these life forms. 19. 300 million years ago in the carboniferous period, the earth was covered with wetlands. Freshwater swamps are said to cover the earth during this time.20. Coal came from millions of years of accumulated plant matter. It came from the way wet water lands decompose. Oil and gas came from the remains of dead microorganisms. 21. The Permian Extinction 250 million years ago that 95% of species perished wa s caused by passel volcanic eruptions all over the Earth. 22. The new super continent that formed after mass volcanic eruptions was called Pangea. It existed 240 million years ago. 23. A new upsurge in volcanic activity spilt a part the great super continent Pangea. 24. Diamonds are the high pressure form of carbon. They are found in the mouths of ancient volcanoes. 25. 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs vanished.26. The finding of iridium indicates that dinosaurs became extinct from a tremendous hit from a meteor on Earth. 27. The asteroid that hit the planet and caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs was 100 miles across. 28. Evidence the gives validity to plate tectonics found in the Alps is the Matterhorn which is made up of two continents. 29. Plates tectonics and erosion contribute the a mountain height 30. The two opposing forces that contribute to the formation of the Grand Canyon is the Colorado River and the uprising plateau. 31. The grand freezing was triggered wh en the overflowing volcanoes in Panama created the land bridge joined the North to South America. This altered global coastal currents. 32. Two pieces of evidence that glaciers covered the earth are the scads of tiny parallel lines marked in bedrock and the way rocks were position in the New York area. 33. 200 million years from now, a new super continent will be formed. 34. 2 billion years from now, the atmosphere and oceans will be stripped away. Leaving earth as a uprise dry barren dessert.

Chinese Food Essay

Chinese nourishment has a long history with more than 5,000 years. diametrical area has different kind of cooking. Also, different style of cooking has different characteristic. Chinese food c everywheres a lot of the delicious trys from all over the country. First, Cantonese cuisine is delicious and attractive, which is always my favorite style of dishes. Cantonese cuisines characteristic is sweet, original and light. It lays importance on the foods high freshness. (About) You can go over there are some(prenominal) living fish which allow be killed and made of a dish when the customer requires. Besides, Cantonese cuisine has many kinds of food, like shumai.Shumai is fill up with primarily of pork, black mushroom, green onion and ginger with seasonings of Chinese rice wine. (Wikipedia) It tastes very delicious with a salt and smooth taste. It seems like the word mouthfeel was invented for it. It is the regular and traditional food for Cantonese. Every time I go to Cantonese r estaurant, Shumai is the dishes that I will choose automatically. Also, Shumai is always the apotheosis of Cantonese cuisine in my mind. Second, Sichuan cuisine has a long history. Sichuan cuisine has a really long history and it can be dated back to the period of Qin Dynasty.(Wikipedia) Nowadays, Sichuan cuisine has been famous for all over the world. And Sichuan restaurants exist in many areas in the world. Even President Obama also enjoys this kind of delicious food. (Z&Y restaurant) Sichuan cuisine mainly uses soy sauce, vinegar and sauce. Without these relishes, the taste of Sichuan cuisine will degrade. Besides, the style of Sichuan cuisine is fresh and simple. (Wikipedia) For me, Sichuan cuisine is always spicy and stimulating. The dishes are simple, but they can give me a sense of delectation and comfort. Sichuan cuisine has a really long history and now is famous all over the world.Third, besides Chinese foods tasty, it is also life-threatening for body constitution. I ha ve ever seen many court play on TV that many emperors would let his cooks to make medicine diet. Also, sometimes my parents will add some traditional Chinese medicine into the soup. Although I dont have foodie tendencies, I grew up loving this kind of soup. Nowadays, many new dietary therapy cuisines are created, with good taste and effect. By eating medicine diet, I grow up healthily and strongly. In conclusion, Chinese food covers many kinds of delicious food. And it is the wisdom of Chinese people. I am really proud of it.In the future, I believe that Chinese food will go on a new stage and can be appreciated by people all over the world. Reference Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Shumai. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ShumaiServing About. (n. d. ). Cantonese cuisine. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http//chinesefood. about. com/od/cantonesecuisine/p/profile. htm Z&Y restaurant. (n. d. ). Chef Han. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http//www. zandyrestaurant. com/en/index. html Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Diet therapy. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http//zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E8%86%B3.

Philosophy essay on sollicitudo rei socialis

A. Summary of Sollicitudo rei neighborlyisJohn Paul IIs message entitled Sollicitudo rei socialis speaks to the Catholic church services role in helping make better pressing social issues of the day, primarily poverty. He breaks this topic d protest into six parts an Introduction, Originality of the encyclical Populorum Progressio, Survey of the Contemporary World, Authentic Human Development, A Theological Reading of mod Problems, Some Particular Guidelines, and a Conclusion.In the Introduction, the Pope tells the reader that this piece was written to pay honor to Paul VIs encyclical Populorum Progressio, also called The Development of Peoples, which had been written cardinal years earlier in 1967. An encyclical is a letter to members and priests of the church written by the Pope. In the Populorum Progressio, Paul VI says that unless justice and object lessonity rule, the little will never get the help they need. Now twenty years later, Pope John Paul II sent a letter give a way to churches to get feedback on how best to celebrate the anniversary of the encyclical. Sollicitudo rei socialis are his findings. He also indirect requests to pay honor to the original document and to show the value of church teachings because of the continuity and renewal of the ideas in the encyclical.In the Originality of the encyclical Populorum Progressio portion, John Paul II says that the encyclical is a how-to contribute for the church to follow and it is based on the teachings of the help Vatican Ecumenical Council of 1965, which talks about poor people and what the church should do about the development and underdevelopment of peoples. Peoples development is based in moral and educational solutions provided by the church. He believes that development is a global issue. Rich countries arouse a responsibility to poor countries to not be greedy with resources, because poor countries do not have as much access to the things they need to live. The 1967 document conclu des by saying that Development is the new name for peace. The logic behind this is that the poor want justice. For them, justice is getting their fair share of the supplies needed to live, and if they do not, it leads to violence.In his Survey of the Contemporary World, John Paul II cites that poverty still exists because the Northern cerebral hemisphere has easy access to supplies, while the Southern Hemisphere has slow access, even though this is where most of the worlds population lives. Poverty is a result of a want of educational opportunities, jobs, as well as economic and racial discrimination, all of which go along with underdevelopment.He believes that Authentic Human Development needs to be control by a moral understanding. A person must be developed morally, not just economically, in order for the growth to be authentic. The church has a responsibility to aid in human development.His Theological Reading of Modern Problems tells that even though people can develop throug h comprehension and technology, it must be grounded in morality as taught by the church. Certain Guidelines should be followed, so that the church can do its work and people are treated with dignity. The poor should be treated with preference, but they also have to contribute to their own development. John Paul II, in his Conclusion, states that the church, as part of its moral requirement, can work together to help the poor develop into more fully human beings.B. ReflectionJohn Paul IIs main point is the place of morality as taught by the church to help get rid of human poverty. I would agree that what a person or country values is based in their morality, and this helps motivate a person or group to action. I also agree that rich countries have an obligation to assist poor countries so that their citizens have enough food, clothing, shelter, health care and education to do more than just survive, but to thrive. However, I do not think that the Catholic Church has the loge on the morality market, especially in light of all the child molestation charges against priests. Also, the only woman who is not marginalized in the Catholic Church is Mary, which is a problem if you are trying to bring your morality to a culture that whitethorn or may not have your sense of morality and may actually value women.How moral can a group be that considers women to be essentially chattel who should not have control over their own bodies, but instead should put their spiritual and health care in the hands of their husbands and child-molesting priests? How moral is a group that demands that a woman who has been raped, even by a male member of her family, should be required to carry the embryo to term in order to remain moral? The Pope himself may then be a moral man, but there are several in his church who cannot say the same, and who provide a wayward compass to guide people who really want to help the poor.Work CitedPope John Paul II. Sollicitudo rei socialis. (Vatican City Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1986).URLhttp//www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jpii_enc _30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis_en.html Accessed 23 May 2007.

Beliefs And Social And Political Influences That Have Shaped Contemporary Service Provision

This canvas leave give information about different pieces of statute including procreation Act (1944), The Mary Warnock Report (1978), and any(prenominal) churl Matters (2003). The essay is likewise going to discuss The Early old age Foundation Stage (EYFS) 2007. In May 1940 Britain had been at war and shortly aft(prenominal) Neville Chamberlain who was conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign due to the lack of confidence in his party. He was later replaced by Winston Churchill.In October 1940 Herwald Ramsbotham who was president of the Board of Education, met with elderly officers to discuss the Prime Minister Winston Churchills ideal of establishing a state of society where the advantages and privileges which hitherto have been fucked only by the few, sh completely be far more widely sh ard by the men and youth of the nation as a whole (Taylor (1977) cited in Gillard, 2011, p2). After discussions with Winston Churchill the boards proposals became retiren as the Green Book this was then formed a piece of legislation which is now known as The Education Act 1944.It was later discussed that there should be three coiffes of study which would be primary, secondary and further. Which is still in place in todays society (Gillard, 2011). This is good because clawren are now taught by stages however it is besides a bad idea because not all children develop through the stages, some children will understand one topic more than another or there may be a child who was to have a learning difficulty and then this would mean that the child will develop when they are ready and it may not be in stages they may take retentiveer or they miss a stage and saltation to the next stage .Once this was brought out they then ended the existing differentiation between elementary and secondary (Gillard 2011). In 1941 Rab Butler who was president board of education introduced free secondary education which happened for the first time in the UK (Parliament UK, 2012). Since the 1944 act has been brought out this has been reviewed three times since and there are now three Education Acts in place. Before the war there was no free secondary school education you had to buy off and only the upper class families were able to pay for the facilities (Aldrich, 2002). except after the war the society had changed and the government wanted to try and make life better for everybody (Lowe, 1988). They did this by introducing free secondary education, and they also introduced council houses so that the unhorse class families were able to have a stable home for themselves and their children. The government also introduced free health safekeeping, so that if the children or adults makeed any medical checkup attention they were able to get this free of charge. At this time, the government introduced the 11 plus test.Most of the time the children who came from a richer background ended up in the head-to-head fee paid schools, and the children that wer e in the lower class families ended up in the less advantaged schools (Lowe, 1988). The 1944 Act recognised that childrens education should be base on their age, talent and ability. However, as electric shavers ( 2006) points out the 11 plus came to be give earn as a test that discriminated strongly, if not deliberately, against the working class (p. 93) From discussing the Children Act this essay is now going to go on to discussing the Warnock Report.Mary Warnock was involved in Special Educational Needs (SEN). She is now known as Baroness Warnock. The Warnock draw looked at the statementing of children and also looked at whether children with a SEN could be taught in mainstream schools. Putting this in place make it so that there was small specialist school provision available. This report highlighted that children who had a special education need, were more likely to be bullied in a mainstream school. However this isnt always the case as not all children with an educational n eed will get bullied in a mainstream school.If the child had behavioural difficulties then there is a longer time for the statement process. However when the report was renewed in 2005, Baroness Warnock stated that statements arent a good idea and should only be retained as a safety profit (Douglas Silas Solicitors, 2012). From discussing the Mary Warnock Report this essay is now going to talk about the Green Paper Act which is also known as Every Child Matters. Every Child Matters Green paper (2003) was published shortly after the death of Victoria Climbie and was put in place to change childrens services.This legislation has five key outcomes that will help children in child hood through to later life. The five key outcomes are making sure children keep safe, enjoy and achieve, be healthy, achieve economic well-being and making a positive contribution. The framework do sure that the multi-agency partnerships such as health visitors and well-disposed services were put into place so that it gave children the best opportunity to succeed to their full potential and bring out the best in children. From the Every Child Matters Green Paper legislation this then led to the creation of Common Assessment Framework which is also known as (CAF).By bringing this in it made sure that all of the agencies working with children understand the individual needs for the children. CAF forms led to meetings which brought in concert the agencies which made sure the Ever Child Matters plan is met and followed (Department for Education, 2012a). Following on from the Green Paper this essay is now going to start discussing the Early Years foundation stage. The Early Years Foundation Stage was introduced in 2007 and was made compulsory from 1st September 2008.This was then revise in 2012. The aim was to set the standards for learning, development and care for children from the ages of birth to five years. This piece of legislation is in place to help children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes which were listed above. The EYFS does this by setting the standards and making sure that all children are achieving whilst they are in the care of the setting and makes sure that the children make progress and that no child gets left behind (Department for Education, 2012b).The EYFS addresses equal opportunities by making sure that every child is include and not left out because of their ethnicity, culture or religion, gender, home language or family background and any learning difficulties the child may have or their ability. The EYFS aims to create the framework for partnership working. They do this by working with the childrens parents and professionals and they pass on information between the settings that the child attends.The EYFS also improved the note and consistency for children by getting rid of the existing frameworks, and providing the basis for the inspection and regulation regime. Finally they laid a secure foundation for future learning, this meant that the child care practitioners were planning to meet the individual needs of the children. They also carried out regular observations on the children so that they were able to recognise if there are any changes in the childs development. It could be suggested that these outcomes have a big impact on the way the setting is run.Without these outcomes the nursery setting wouldnt know where they are at with assessments. However it could be argued that there is some degree of difference between settings and practitioners as to how well the planning and assessments are carried out. The EYFS is a of import part of a ten year childcare strategy that was bought out in 2007. This shows that legislation isnt always going to work and sometimes will need reviewing so that it can be made better and more up to date. However sometimes they dont change anyaffair it is just a review to make sure that everything is still being run the same.Within the EYFS the work for all practitioners are g rouped into four distinct but complementary themes which are a unique child, making sure the children have positive relationships, having enabling environments which means that the nursery has to have bright displays up and look welcoming and also making sure that the children are learning and developing at the right stage of their development. Since the Early Years foundation stage has been introduced it is now known that children enjoy and learn more when learning through play (Pramling-Samuelsson and Fleer, 2009).It is important that the children are able to make their own choices and left to explore by themselves as long as they are safe this is how most observations are done, during the childs natural free flow play. By this you are then able to see how the child interacts with other children, what they enjoy doing, the way in which they explore and also what they found out from playing/exploring. From this the practitioner is then able to plan and tool from this to encourage the children to learn.A good free play session offers a rich play and learning experience for children. It allows each child to progress at his/her own pace, it gives children practice in choosing, and in dealing with the consequences of choice, and it encourages a more flexible and open-ended use of the groups resources. Like all existent freedom, however, it takes a lot of effort (Henderson 2010, cited in Lewis, 2011, p 1). However some children are more advanced and would prefer learn at a double-quick speed doing written work rather plan playing.On the other hand it is good because it does give children chance to explore and learn at their own stage rather than them feeling like they are being rushed along. Which means the child will learn to be strong and independent which will be learnt through loving and secure relationships with parents/carers. Children also look at displays within the setting to support their development This essay discusses how The Education Act (1944) h as made an mold on todays society. The Education Act brought in the three stages of education primary, secondary and higher.These are still in place in todays society, it also brought in free education and changed the way children learn. The children went from not going to school unless they could afford to pay to now being able to go to school free of charge. In todays society they dont take into account your welfare and background which is a good thing as children dont have anything in the way which could affect them from learning. In 1978 The Mary Warnock report was introduced which influenced on how children with a special educational need was assessed and it was then later reviewed in 2005.Another piece of legislation that has been discussed within the essay is Every Child Matters this piece of legislation looks at all frameworks working together so that children stay safe, enjoy and achieve, be healthy, achieve economic well-being and making a positive contribution. Finally t his essay has talked about The Early Years Foundation Stage which was brought out in 2007, and made compulsory in 2008. It is still in place in todays society and has been revised in 2012.

Charles Dickens Essay

Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, is one of the most popular classics of our time. Dickens novel was, some may say the work of a genius. The tale is of a boy who starts from humble beginnings and whom the story follows through to young adulthood each entering a rude(a) experience for the boy. Charles Dickens wrote the novel in 1860-61. He was born into a respected middle class family, in Charlton. He incorporated local features and happenings into his books when he could. His father went into debt and then prison after his finances collapsed.The rest of the family had to go to, so Charles spent time in prison. This is where Charles Dickens got some of his inspiration for his book. He eventually died at the age of fifty-eight from a stroke and was buried in his local churchyard. Chapter eight is an essential part of the book because it conveys a suck in image of the characters personality and is a key part for the rest of the story. I will look in Chapter 8, where sp ud goes to live Miss Havishams house for the archetypal time, for a number of different techniques and devices which the writer uses to make us feel sympathy for Pip.Charles Dickens starts making the lecturer feel sorry for Pip when he and Mr Pumblechoke arrive at the gates, and Estella greets them. They completely over look Pip. This shows that Pip is unessential and insignificant. This, said Mrs Pumblechoke, is Pip This is Pip, is it? returned the young lady come in Oh she says, you wish to see Miss Havisham? If Miss Havisham wishes to se me. Returned Mr Pumblechoke. As you can see, from this initial conversation, Pip does not have the opportunity to introduce himself. This shows that he is considered to be insignificant, even though it was he who Miss Havisham had sent to see.This makes the reader feel condolence for Pip because it is as if people dont care about him. After the initial conversation, when Pip was marched inside with Estella, Estella starts to patronise Pip, which makes us feel sorry for him. But dont loiter, boy Though she called me boy so often, and with a mushiness that was far from complimentary, she was about my witness age. She seemed much older than, of course, being a girl, and a beautiful and self-possessed and she was as scornful of me as if she had been one and twenty, and a queenThis paragraph shows us that Pip is already feeling downhearted about Estella constantly making him feel bad. Even though Estella was about the alike age as Pip, she considers herself to be wiser, more mature and generally above Pips level. This is showed in the film by Estella being taller than Pip and looking down on him making her think herself bigger than him. This makes the reader feel sympathetic towards Pip because it is his first visit to Miss Havishams. He is evidently nervous and anxious, and having someone of his own age being scornful towards him, his self-confidence just breaks.The third time in chapter eight that the reader is made t o feel sorry for Pip is when Pip was left in the hallway on his own with no light. Scornfully walked away, and what was worse took the candle with her. This was very uncomfortable and I was half afraid This makes the reader feel sympathetic for Pip because he is portrayed as being vulnerable. Estella leads Pip into the house and to a entry, and was proclaimed by Estella to go in. Pip declines and returns with after you miss. Estella telling him not to be so stupid and scornfully walks off with the light.You would think that now Estella had gone, his situation would have improved but this is not the case. He is about to embark on his first meeting with Miss Havisham, making him hesitant and nervous. His confidence is not helped by standing outside the approach in darkness, with no candle. Pip is now viewed as being vulnerable. Soon after Pip swallows his pride and opens the withered and wrecked door handle. No coup doeil of daylight was to be seen in it. It was a dressing room, as I supposed from the furniture, though much of it was of forms and uses quite unknown of to mePip enters through the door and is met by a milky white room. Although well lit by candle. There is antiqued furniture, all of which added to the mood, as if nobody had lived there for quite some time. The clock had also stopped at twenty minutes to nine. The reader then feels sympathetic towards Pip because of his already nervous state being placed in an eerie, scary atmosphere, which seems unnatural to the poor boy. The reader once once more feels sorry for Pip when he is ordered to play cards with Estella, for Miss Havishams viewing. Estella once again starts to be obnoxious towards Pip.

Descartes’ First Trademark Argument Essay

Descartes argues that our intellect of immortal is innate, meaning it is something inside us from birth, something that has always been there and will always be there. He believed that everybody has an thought process of God cosmos a supremely perfect being, and comes to the conclusion in his argument, that God himself put this intellect there, he even said that our base of God is like the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work us being the work, the mark being our knowledge of God himself.For Descartes, the fact that everybody has this innate appraisal of a supremely perfect God is in itself, proof of his existence and the fact that this is an a priori argument, makes this argument appealing for either rationalists, as it relies on knowledge, and non sense experience which Descartes never trusted. The foundation for Descartes argument is the causal sufficiency principle, this is the report that something (for example, A screwing non exist unless it is produced or s et aboutd by something else that contains formally or eminently everything that is found in A.Formal materiality refers to the basic properties that a thing possesses. However, this alone would cause problems for Descartes argument, because God obviously does not possess all of the properties, of all of the objects on earth, take for example a stone, its properties are hard, round, rough. God is not these things. The way Descartes gets round this is by saying that something say again, a stone, can be caused by something that contains the properties eminently. To contain something eminently, means for the cause to not necessarily have the same properties as the effect, but to have a greater property.So God may not possess the qualities of a stone (say hardness) however he possesses a quality greater then this. In other words, the causal adequacy effects means the cause of something can be no less then the effect. Descartes then takes this principle, and believes he can apply it to ideas, in particular the idea of God as a maximally/supremely perfect being, the cause of this idea, must consequently must contain formally or eminently maximum perfection, so because the cause of the idea of God must itself be maximally perfect.Descartes then uses deductive reasoning to decide where the idea came from, he runner asked, could he be the source of the idea? However concludes that he cant be, because he himself is not supremely perfect, and therefore he cant be the cause of a supremely perfect being. He then considers if the idea of a supremely perfect being could have come by dint of his senses, however he decides this isnt possible, as he knows he has never seen (heard, smelt, tasted) a supremely perfect being.He then asks if he could have imagined a supremely perfect being, again he concludes he couldnt have, because his idea of God is too clear and distinct to have come from his imagination. He therefore deducts that the cause of the idea of a supremely perfe ct being, is actually an existing supremely perfect being who placed this idea in his mind so therefore, God exists. on that point are however, a number of criticisms to this argument, firstly, many philosophers have raised doubts as to whether the causal adequacy principle is actually true to real life, as there are a number of examples in everyday situations where the cause at least appears to be less then the effect, for example, a stir causing a roaring bonfire, or a whisper causing an avalanche. Further examples include chaos theory the idea that a flutter of a butterflys wing can cause an earthquake.If indeed causal adequacy principle isnt true, Descartes whole argument is flawed, as if the cause can be less great then the effect, then Descartes indeed could have created him himself. The second criticism is David Humes argument, that you cannot know a cause a priori, but only by experience. He says you cannot determine the cause of something, simply by using reasoning, for e xample, if a window is broken, you know it must have been something big fair to middling to produce enough force to break it by our past experiences, not by using a priori reasoning.He concludes that you have to have to have notice the cause and the effect to truly know what happened, and therefore the cause must be in existence. The third criticism questions whether we can actually have an idea of a supremely perfect being, Thomas Aquinas doubts our imaginings of God, because he is too great, and that it is impossible for us to understand some of his qualities, particularly the idea of God being infinite, as it is beyond out understanding to understand what such qualities actually mean, and therefore we dont have a genuine idea of God.The onward criticism of Descartes argument is that the idea of God is incoherent, there are attributes which appear to be just plain contradictory, for example God is both immanent and transcendent. There is also doubt raised over Gods supposed omn ipotence, can he make a rock so heavy that he cant lift it? It seems either way his omnipotence will be compromised. There is also the problem of evil, if God is all good, omniscient and omnipotent, then why does he include suffering in the world?It would therefore seem that the idea of God is unclear, and if so it is likely the cause isnt that great, and so would make sense that the cause could in fact have been Descartes himself. Another criticism is that the idea of God is not universal, as many other religions do not have an idea of one all powerful God, and therefore the idea of God cannot be innate, as if it was, it would be inside all of us.Also, it is put that the idea of omnipotence cannot be divine, as it can be traced back to having historical routes as tribes fought over who had the greatest God, they would start with our God is powerful until one tribes got to our God is maximally powerful and therefore cannot be beaten by the other tribe. Descartes would argue that t he fact other religions dont acknowledge one maximally perfect God does not mean the innate idea is not in us, it just means they have chose to ignore it, or havent been made aware of it.He compares it to maths, in the way that we may not have used its truths and laws (i. e. that a triangles interior angles add up to 180) however they are still truths none the less. The expiry criticism is the empiricists account for the idea of God, that we have experienced attributes such as power, knowledge and goodness in people around them and simply extended them to the idea of God, therefore the cause is less great then the effect, and the idea is not innate.One thing it has in its favor, is that it is an a priori argument, and therefore uses reasoning, something rationalist would chance on very appealing, it means that if the premise can be accepted that it can give 100% certainty. Overall, I feel Descartes argument has too many legal criticisms for it to be considered as a successful arg ument, and its foundation- casual adequacy principle, is itself flawed, leaving the whole argument to fail.

Descartes on God Essay

Rene Descartes is a famous French philosopher and is considered as the Father of Rationalism. The aim of his philosophy was to follow in a solid foundation for knowledge. In ball club to arrive in this, he used a method called the Methodic Doubt wherein he doubted the senses, mathematics, and even the instauration of god. It was only until he arrived with a solid entity called the cogito was Descartes fit to discover the center of his existence. Upon finding this center, he was able to use this entity as a means into explaining the existence of the things he previously doubted.In regards to proving the existence of god, we emergency to tackle premier why Descartes needed to doubt the existence of god. This was a very important step in his philosophy be grounds the theories in his philosophy would obligate a sounder foundation if he was going to use them to explain the existence of stainlession. As what was stated above, Descartes used the Methodic Doubt in order to arrive w ith the cogito and say his phrase cogito ergo sum or I think therefore I am. This cogito exists in a meta personal plane because Descartes believed that everything that existed in the physical world were non real.The reasons why he had to doubt the physical world include the fact that the senses deceive us. Examples of these are a pencil which gives the illusion of refraction after placing it in a glass of water. Others include dreams which a person would consider to be so real until they wake up in bed. And finally, everything in this world is subject to change which he presented after burning a piece of wax and then asking if the residue of the wax is still considered as wax. After doubting the senses, he soon went to doubt the validity of the physical world.In order to do this, he asserted that there is a malign demon that would deceive us into believing that what we perceive is real. Now that he was able to discard god as the foundation of true knowledge, we now shifts his t hink to the cogito. However, being left with the cogito could lead to solipsism, a view wherein a person believes that only the individual exists, since everything existed except the cogito. So Descartes needed to demo the existence of God in order to validate the existence of the physical world and free his philosophy from the perils of solipsism.Descartes gave some arguments that led to his proofs of the existence of god. His first proof dealt with the nature of ideas. He classified different kinds of ideas such as those that are innate in a person and those that were received through experience. Being rationalists, he considered ideas cause by the experience doubtful since they do arise from the senses, which he discarded as the means for a clear and distinct idea. So, he shifted his focus to innate ideas, or ideas that have been with a person since birth, and placed the idea of god under this classification.Now, Descartes asked from where these innate ideas came. It cannot be f rom nothingness since something cannot spring out of nothing. In addition, a perfect idea like that of god cannot come from a less perfect being and so he concluded that there was a first cause that placed the idea of a supreme being in my mind. This argument of Descartes can be compared with that of perfection Augustines first cause. However, the difference here is that the arguments of Saint Augustine dealt with motion and change within the physical world.Descartes arguments on the other had, tackle solely with ides and from where they came from. In addition to the argument of a first mover, Descartes was able to prove the existence of god through his own mortality. He asked himself how a person could think of an boundless being, such as god, if there is nothing to compare this devise of existence with anything. It is from his own finite existence that he is able to create a distinction between the two modes of existence and prove the existence of an infinite and perfect being that is outside him.His next argument was derived from Saint Anselms ontological argument. Here, Descartes tries to justify his argument through describing a triangle. Whenever we would think of a triangle, the first thing that would enter our minds are its attributes, i. e. that it has three sides, all its angles have a total of 180 degrees, etc. Just like whenever we would think of the idea of god, we would normally first think of his attributes which are being omniscient, all-knowing, etc.The difference here is hat although we are able to think of a triangle, thinking about unitary does not necessarily have in mind its existence. On the other hand, to think of god as a perfect and infinite being must entail that he does exists for to say that a perfect being does not exists would mean that we are depriving god of one attribute and thus making him less perfect. So given this argument, Descartes asserts that existence is needed for perfection for there would be a major contradict ion within the assertion of a perfect being that is lack of any attribute.Finally, Descartes finally says that this god cannot be a deceiving god which he assumed in the drivening. This god cannot be a deceiver for this attribute cannot be found in a perfect being such as god because the act of deceiving someone arises from a accepted defect. Upon proving the existence of god, Descartes was able to put out this philosophy by proving the existence of a separate world. He was able to do this by stating that the physical world exists since man was given a certain inclination in order to perceive the world.This inclination was given to us by god and we must believe that the world is true for god would not deceive us with this special inclination that he has given. After reading the proofs of Descartes, I would have to say that his arguments are very solid and logical that it would be hard to think otherwise. However, my only problem with Descartes philosophy is that he used the cogi to as a scapegoat to all the problems that he encountered. What Descartes would do is that from the cogito he would begin to explain certain things such as god and the physical world.He would then explore these ideas but when he begins to run of way to explain his arguments he would go back to the cogito. AN example here would be when he tried to explain the existence of the physical world. He simply had to rely on the existence of god and that the inclination he gave man to believe that this world is true. This explanation, to me, seems more as a matter of faith in god as a non-deceiving being rather than a rational explanation.

Perspectives: US and Iraq Essay

globalization has paved the way for technology to thrive. Economic growth is rooted in a countrys ability to expand on technologies that would productively utilize its resources. As a catalyst for capitalism, technology has a lot been used as a benchmark for nations to determine their status of development. Among the developed countries, the United States of America (USA) is iodine of the leading industrial powers of the modern world.Its contributions to the scientific participation have improved the lives of millions of people due to their propagate economy and democratic identity. However, for most Arab countries like Iraq, technological advancement is a struggle since the interplay of religion and nicety in its political history has slowed down its economic progress. This paper aims to offer an insight into the glaring differences of technological advancement from the perspective of a developed and developing country.The USA is flowing with scientific innovations that cater to the disparate needs and wants of each individual. This is due to the fact that its educational system fosters creativity and encourages competition as scientific projects and programs are promoteed by both the public and the private sectors. Since it is a country that flourishes in an unsolved economy, the political science is able to allocate the countrys resources to fund projects/programs that it deems necessary to maintain the status quo.With take in to Iraq, its violent history under a tyrannical ruler has hampered its progress in the realm of technology. enchantment it is one of the oil producing countries, advances made towards scientific innovations were slim to none. Its previous government under the late ibn Talal Hussein Hussein had control over most of the telecommunication systems as well as transportation and electricity so citizens were deprived of such amenities. The education system is also inadequate as the country struggles to hired man with the on-going war on terror after the fall of Husseins regime.At present, the Iraqi government is renovating its local and foreign policies to incorporate the expansion of Science and Technology into their development plan. The government is currently in an agreement with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on a development strategy that would support scientific innovations for institutions and businesses. In addition, an education plan was also created in the hopes of expanding the scope of science-driven educational institutions within the community as well as strengthening the workforce.The plan also supports student exchange programs with Universities from top schools in developed countries. The government has also opened its doors to foreign support in advancing knowledge in the field of Information Technology, Medical and Electricity.Conclusion In all aspects of life, the use of technology is inevitable. Regardless of whether a country is considered developed or developing, technology will always be the driving force that propels a country to succeed in their aspirations for economic progress.

Personality & Attitudes on Revenge in the General Population of Scotland Essay

Fantasies castrate from soulfulness to person and argon dependent on psychological condition. In a clinical existence fantasies tend to last longer than in non-clinical populations. Although over on the whole each fancy has been reported to last relatively short periods of sequence, the frequency of which they occur is usually the divisor that determines whether they are of veneration or non (Gellerman and Suddath, 2005). There seems to be a limited quantity of re calculate available on the full general understanding of this topic however the literature that does exist appears to focus on three finicky areas, sustaining fantasies as a means of coping with painful and trying situations in the general population unless particularly in the clinical population (Zelin, Bernstein, Heijn, Jampel, Myerson, Adler, Buie & Rizzuto, 1983 Harder & Zelin, 1984 Greenwald & Harder, 1994 Greenwald & Harder, 1995 & Greenwald and Harder, 1997) hard-hitting fantasies for cheer or satisf action in the general population but much often than not habitually involuntary for the clinical population and more than often than not hot, sexual and sadistic in nature (Gellerman & Suddath, 2005 Egan & Campbell, 2009 & Selby, Anestis & Joiner (2007), and finally, revenge fantasies jobing those who learn experienced trauma (Mardi & Harowitz, 2007). In search of material for this review surp progress has it that homicidal fantasies on the whole is the one of which foc mathematical functions on a more simple view of its apparent natural occurrence in natural surroundings of everyday life, and highlights the evolving bridal that many an(prenominal) normal law abiding citizens can and do squander fantasies.Sustaining FantasyFrom a strike conducted by Zelin et al (1983) the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ) was actual to ginmill sustaining functions in psychiatric inpatients in comparison with non-patients. This questionnaire was constructed circumstantialally to stripe fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God, closeness, power and revenge, hold of self-importance, competition and aesthetics. The questionnaire was then utilised to determine that psychiatric inpatients scraped higher than non-patients on fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God and closeness but fantasies of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics did not distinguishableiate surrounded by groups. Thus, projecting that the questionnaire was able to differentiate the groups by conjuring trick performers such(prenominal) as death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God and closeness and highlighted connecters of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics with an independent metre of psychology.It is said that experiencing Sustaining Fantasies is a familiar, logical and repetitive conscious ideate adopted to help cope with feelings of a painful and stressful situation. jibe to Zeli n et al (1983) the sustaining thaumaturgy is a concept based on the observation that at times of extreme negative e executional states, ca employ by anger or narcissistic grievance, people often resort to this as a means of re-creating a more ideal situation than that of which stimulated the painful experience, fabricating a whizz of satisfaction, restoring self-esteem and emotional equilibrium, and decrease frustration. Ultimately, the sustaining fantasy is based on the assumption that such fantasies signify and demonstration the basic construction and processes that have evolved in the course of efforts to adapt to painful situations. We are cueed by Zelin et al (1983) that this fantasy is of a specific type called only into play when suffering increasing levels of stress, and should not be conf utilize by those fantasies use as a disguised endeavour of pleasure or solutions to relatively un-stressful paradoxs, such studies forget be discussed later in the review.One year on, Harder & Zelin (1984) fur in that locationd the study of Zelin et al (1983) accepting that the sustaining fantasy questionnaire was highly-developed generally with psychiatric inpatients, but recognising also, the dominance for its use in testing correlates among a more general sample. take for granted that everyone uses sustaining fantasies to aid or support themselves through highly stressful periods in life and presuming the importance of this constituent in the capability to manage adaptively rather than maladjustively, Harder & Zelin (1984) extended interests and investigations into the personality functioning in the general population as well as with pathological persons.They did this by examining the relationship betwixt the 10 types of sustaining fantasies reported by Zelin et al (1983) and two dimensions of self-concept self-derogation and stability of self-concept, suspecting that the type of sustaining fantasy that the person characteristically brings into play l eave alone be consistent with and in support of their self-concept, an important relation with psychological-social adjustment and even a potential clincher of psychological-social adjustment. Successfully, the consequents demonstrated that the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire was reliable not only to differentiate between groups of psychiatric inpatients from normal controls, as Zelin et al (1983) demonstrated, but also to distinguish the group of college students used in this study.Just over a decade later Greenwald & Harder (1994) followed on from Zelin et al (1983), flacking to examine the expected associations between psychological medicine, al or so replicating exactly, apart from their use of a student population primarily from a middle-class backgrounds. In addition, Greenwald & Harder (1994) questioned if the sustaining fantasy scales associated with weaker functioning, reflects a more general pathology factor as proposed in the data of Zelin et al (1983) or, whether eac h reflects a particular maladaptive style that is signified by an exceptional construction of associations with the MMPI clinical scales. Further support and reliability of Zelin et al (1983) is strengthened in Greenwald & Harders (1994) take a chanceings that power/revenge, death/illness, withdrawal/protection and suffering are all related fundamentally to two of the MMPI measures of general abnormal psychology, therefore four of the six fantasy types that imply psychopathology in the inpatients (Zelin et al, 1983) were too the indicators of pathology in the study using the middle-class students.Considering all of the previously mentioned studies (Zelin et al, 1983 Harder & Zelin, 1984 Greenwald & Harder, 1994) it seems fair to bowl over tongue to that ample evidence has been gathered to level that definite types of sustaining fantasy ideas, characteristically used to comfort the self when experiencing feelings of hurt and stress, are associated with indications of psychop athological adjustment. The aim for Greenwald & Harder (1995) was then to examine to what extent there are repeats between them and the degree to which such content ideas may well hitch out psychopathology. With reference to past query on daydreaming, where Singer & Antrobus (1972) have suggested that particular collections of imagery content appear to propose less roaring styles, there seems to be akinities with the findings of Zelin et al (1983), although they did emphasise the difference between opposite fantasies such as daydreams and remind us not to confuse them.Contrary to this emphasis and that of Zelin et al (1983), clinical impressions have proposed that in more ways than one, the overall content of these two types of fantasies is rather parallel. As a result of this proposal, Greenwald & Harder (1995) investigated whether sustaining fantasies generally show a strong uniformity to the typical daydreams preferred by an individual, or whether there really is a moveme nt from the content of prevalent daydreams to the familiar self-comforting ones that leave support during feelings of pain and stress. To do this they compared the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire and the legion(predicate) Imaginal Process Inventory (IPI) (Singer & Antrobus, 1972) scales for correspondence in content and in their relationships to measures of psychopathology, and a great deal of trunk was discovered even when partialling for social desirability. It was concluded that there was in fact considerable overlap in the content and of correspondence between both, sustaining fantasy and daydreams, and furthermore, it was highlighted that three particular IPI scales were observed to give significant indications of psychopathology fear reaction, bizarre and hostile.Despite the delight in these findings Greenwald & Harder (1995) speculated the possibility that rather than the findings being a result of specific content they may be the result of a broad level of association between the two scales. In pursuit of this speculation further analysis detected the average degree of correlation between SFQ and IPI characteristics in comparison to the level of association displayed by those relationships they predicted, finding that although there was no significance, there was a trend toward significance. Thus, suggesting that a general commonality between the SFQ and the IPI may have been a factor in contributing to the extent of their success in predictions for the study.On this note one should be reminded that for the aim of reliability and validity, considering an underlying weakness onside the success is vital for future study in scathe of recognising the possibility for individuals to very well fantasize and daydream simultaneously in ordinary and/or stressful situations. It is now becoming apparent that sustaining fantasies are perhaps not quite as specific from other fantasies in particular situations such as coping with stressful matters, as was first theory, or, that if they are, they do not always emerge completely alone. Based on the results of this study Greenwald & Harder (1995) propose the question of whether it would be advantageous to use the findings of their study, subsequent past research, to investigate clinical manipulation of the content and/or frequency of fantasy having therapeutic effects, bearing in mind the given definition of sustaining fantasy in Zelin et al (1983) at the beginnings of this extensive research.To address the proposed questions that emerged from Greenwald & Harder (1995) they conducted another study in 1997 replicating the previously discussed studies and replicating reported relationships between coping behaviours and psychopathology however, this time they utilised measurement instruments that were developed by different investigators, presented different response formats, and were not developed to measure the same content areas as before. They assessed whether consistent relationship s exist between the content of self-reported coping behaviours, sustaining fantasies, and ordinary daydreams and in addition attempted to identify coping behaviours associated with psychopathology, exploring any connections between coping behaviours, fantasies, and daydreams correlated with pathology.Pearson correlations indicated similar content between coping behaviours and the two types of fantasy and significant inter-correlations were raise between sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and coping behaviours that, separately, were fix to be significantly associated with psychopathology. In the process of this investigation, and with influencing thoughts created by the previous workings, Greenwald and Harder (1997) took into consideration the uniformlihood to expect there would be a consistency between the region of fantasy and behaviour, and that individuals would report thoughts and action in parallel ways but then again, consider also that it is also probable to anticipate that fantasies could serve as a substitute for action, and that a report of specific fantasy content might be reciprocally associated with behaviour that contains similar content.Growing in strength, again the results of Greenwald & Harder (1997) were successful in that there is a significant association with regard to the content among self-reported daydreams, sustaining fantasies, and coping behaviours, even after controlling for social desirability. These results are found to be more influential due to the fact that they were obtained with assessment instruments that were developed by different investigators, used different response formats, and were not developed to measure the same content areas.Therefore, this information suggest that, spell there may be some instances of fantasies and behaviours that relate inversely to each other, fantasies usually are consistent with behavioural coping styles. These findings then highlight that there is a complex of daydreams, fantasies, and be havioural responses that could be used to characterize individuals. Furthermore, to generalize the findings of this study it was recommended that future studies should be conducted with other subject populations that take into account age, culture, socioeconomic status and residence environment (Greenwald & Harder, 1997), however, it seems appropriate to mention that perhaps at this point it is a substantially time to look at how the sustaining fantasy ideology has branched out to embrace other influencing factors. self-assertive FantasiesEgan & Campbell (2009) expanded research on sustaining fantasies almost taking it to a new level by selecting a diverse population, as recommended by Greenwald & Harder (1997), but more importantly taking into account other domains that showed potential to reveal relationships from another angle. Such were, arresting topics, general personality traits, and self-reported physical aggression. They found relationships between sensational interests a nd physical aggression, regardless of gender. personality and the application of negative sustaining fantasies significantly forecast physical aggression.When the SFQ was reduced to three higher order factors positive, negative, and narcissistic sustaining fantasies, correlations were found between neuroticism (N) and both positive and negative sustaining fantasies, although the association was stronger for negative fantasies. There were small associations between positive sustaining fantasies and indirect non-physical hostility although these relations were humble, and openness (O) was a stronger predictor. Narcissistic sustaining fantasies related to low levels of agreeableness (A), replicating associations between low A and narcissism generally. Ultimately proposing that aggressive and hostile persons are more stimulated by ruby stimuli and that isolation is a further risk-increasing factor for aggressive interests.Following on from this conclusion of risk-increasing factors, a ttention was directed back a few geezerhood in literature to a study conducted by Gellerman & Suddath (2005). They discussed risk-increasing factors in relation to questioning at what point would a health professional perhaps become concerned with a persons fantasy enough for it to become their duty to forewarn or protect others from potential dangerousness, or even attempt to protect the person from them self. In the health profession an evaluation of dangerousness includes not only asking virtually violent fantasies but also asking roughly physical and sexual content (Gellerman & Suddath, 2005).Gellerman and Suddath (2005) looked at the conditions in which the disclosure of violent fantasies to a mental health professional may generate cause for concern and a duty to warn or protect other citizens. Reviewing legal cases in which violent fantasies were considered in the context of measuring potential dangerousness and the literature available on homicidal and sexually violent fa ntasies in both non-incarcerated and savage populations was also examined. It was concluded that no dependable predictive relationship between violent fantasies and wickedly hazardous behaviour was reported in the available literature and suggestions of issues that mental health professionals may think about when gauging whether a particular violent fantasy is a sign for concern requiring rise to a duty in protecting others.At last, this paper is very interesting in that it is greatly unbiased and clearly discusses both the harmful aspects of fantasy as well as the innocent or un-harmful aspects, thus showing the importance of distinguishing between the two possibilities, which must be said, is something that is lacking in the text file previously reviewed. Gellerman and Suddath (2005) explained in detail the definition of violent fantasy for the point of their paper which must be credited as again, not many papers in this field have done so. They denotative their perception of violent fantasy as a thought in which an individual imagines physically harming a fellow human being in some way. They explain that the content of individual fantasies may vary from anything such as murder, sexual assault, or inappropriate sexual activity.It is emphasised that fantasy must be distinguished from an intention, in that the imaginary violence is not instantaneously designed to guide or put in for action. On the other hand, it is said that any expression of intention to harm another person is when we should have cause for concern as this is without doubt communicating a threat rather than a fantasy. Gellerman and Suddath (2005) famous two important points in terms of distinguishing between fantasy being harmless or harmful, firstly, temporary hookup not instantaneously aimed at guiding action, fantasy has been illustrated as serving a number of clinical functions, including control and relief of anxiety and substitution for action therefore harmless to others and at t he same time very useful to the fantasizer, cooperately, from a harmful perspective fantasy may also be training for action and it is from this perspective that concern should be heightened in the evaluation of dangerousness and the duty to protect.Gellerman and Suddath (2005) go on to give balanced examples of both harmless and harmful fantasies. In their comparisons of both sides and in both populations, un-incarcerated and criminal, together with their overall review of the literature they used, they suggest that as fantasies of murder were fairly common in general westbound European and American populations, and a range of fantasies of aggression and sexual violence were less common, but were by no means rare, people should bear in mind that this high prevalence of homicidal and sexually aggressive fantasy can only make us question then, to what extent can such fantasies be considered deviant.In addition it should be highlighted that Gellerman and Suddath (2005) found that ex isting studies have evidently established that many more individuals have homicidal and sexually violent fantasies than act on them. The relationship between violent fantasy and behaviour in these studies was correlative at best, and no suggestions were given in attempt to identifying the nonage of individuals with violent fantasies who may be at risk of acting them out. Altogether, it was concluded that predictors better than fantasies alone are the eminence of the fantasies, the concern with them, and the level of preparation and detail, and the history of any past violent behaviours all get to be looked at collectively (Gellerman & Suddath, 2005).Another study of interest where aggressive fantasies seek personal pleasure but in a paradoxical way is that of Selby, Anestis & Joiner (2007). They reported that suicidal individuals regularly report the reoccurrence of fantasy where they can visualise their death by suicide very clearly in their imagination, almost like watching it on TV. Selby et al (2007) found that many unremittingly suicidal individuals are thought to have a romantic affection for death and as a result, connect themselves in vivid fantasies or daydreams about the process and the after-effects. This somewhat idealistic thought process even appears to be a pleasant motion for them.In desperation of escape from torment and pain (Baumeister, 1990), it seems that the act of suicide is the answer and therefore intellection about the liberation that death would present, perhaps enables suicidal individuals to experience positive affects similar to that of non-suicidal individuals daydreaming or fantasizing about future life events such as holidays (Selby et al, 2007). This daydreaming may actually be a form of emotion dysregulation, in suicidal individuals, one that would appear, perhaps paradoxically, to increase positive affect until now may increase later risk for serious suicidal behaviour. This psychological state was also considered by Zeli n et al (1983).Revenge FantasiesSuicidal behaviour, just like the fantasies they provoke, vary in content and from person to person however for the purpose of this review it should be mentioned that revenge fantasies among many other things, can often be the cause for suicidal behaviour (Mardi & Harowitz, 2007). In one way the reason behind the fantasies are similar per se feelings of rage shame guilt etc., but in another way very different often unwanted and uncontrollable. Revenge fantasies are described as being beyond normal blistery thoughts and sometimes dangerous. The study conducted by Mardi & Harowitz (2007) was an attempt to seek solutions to a hypothetical case demonstrating a hassle existing in clinical practice.The method behind this is for the authors to review current data on prevalence, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and intercession and ultimately conclude treatment recommendations. Again it is brought to attention that the quantity of literature addressing fantasy is limited, Mardi & Harowitz (2007) pointed out at the beginning of their paper that revenge fantasies have been discussed in literature, however not adequately addressed, a problem common for most papers in this review. Like all other fantasies per se, revenge fantasies can abide a sense of reinstated purpose and regain of control in an otherwise traumatized life and purely for this purpose it is imperative to assist traumatized individuals in recognizing this.Mardi & Harowitz (2007) rakehell the scenario up into sections in sequence to how look by step the scenario would be assessed and addressed in a clinical setting. All important techniques and procedures were discussed such as, the importance of techniques in psychotherapy being put in place with the much needed interpretations and reappraisals and with careful differentiation of sagacious and irrational beliefs. It was explained that it is then, that the function of revenge fantasies as giving an illusion of strength can be interpreted.Mardi & Harowitz (2007) suggest the fact that the results of therapy may be attenuation of symptoms, and revenge fantasies are deep-rooted, there is an important need for making known the patients that revenge fantasies are likely to return, and are frequently generated by things as simple as see a movie, being hurt, or entering an irritated mood as a result of fatigue. Mardi & Harowitz (2007) go on to explain that the professional should help the patient plan a comeback, which can engage in reviewing a pre-established set of ideas, overall they express that their goal is to help the patient gain a sense of restored control, self-esteem, and self-coherence without resorting to the strong-me property of a revenge fantasy.Taking into account the apparent lack of topic specific resources that provide general information on the influences of fantasy in the general public, and the gaps that seem wide open between studies in fantasy, it seems fair to say that the beginnin g would be a good place to start. As a result the current study will seek to investigate attitudes of the general public toward fantasies, looking to find out what they think fantasies might be and to what extent they think it is normal for people to have them. It will be hypothesised that most people will believe that a fantasy is a mere thought of imagination detached from reality to satisfy emotional desires without logical or moral constraints and likewise most people will agree that it is normal to have fantasies. It is expected that more people will agree, than disagree, that it is ok and can be accepted as normal for people to have homicidal fantasies.Method aspirationA between-participants point biserial correlation will be used to analyse the data. The independent variables will be the self report personality inventory (IPIP-NEO) and the attitude measuring questions and the dependent variable will be participants score on the IPIP-NEO and the attitude score. Variables such as gender, age, marital status, housing tenure, regions, employment status, income bracket and criminal convictions will also be considered in relation to participant response to both independent variables.ParticipantsAccording to G Power participant number should be 191, however, for an equal balance, it will be at least(prenominal) 100 males and 100 females. The male and female participants will be ages of or between 21 and 65, and split between four regions (Glasgow, Paisley, Edinburgh & Dundee).ApparatusParticipant information sheets (PIS) and consent forms will be given along with questionnaires that will be used to measure psychopathic personality traits (IPIP-NEO) and attitudes on aggressive revenge fantasies. individually participant will be given the same questionnaire to complete. The statistical analysis programme SPSS will be used to analyse and correlate the data.ProcedureEach participant will be given a brief introduction of the study and asked if they are willing to take part, if they are willing then they will be asked to carefully read the PIS, sign the consent form, which will be detached from the questionnaire as they will be anonymous, and complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of a self-report personality inventory, the International Personality Item Pool NEO (IPIP-NEO) developed by Witt, Donnellan & Blonigen (2009), of which permission for use was granted by Edward A. Witt.This 40 item inventory will measure the psychopathic personality traits of fearless dominance (20 items) and Impulsive Antisociality (20 items) to assess how high or low participants score in comparison with each other. A four-option multiple response (False, Mostly False, Mostly True, True) format and a Likert-type scale will be used (False = 1, Mostly False = 2, Mostly True = 3, True = 4) to measure the data. In exception, the 1st, 4th, 9th, 14th, 15th,16th and 17th questions of Fearless Dominance will be measured in reverse scale. The second part o f the questionnaire consists of 10 questions regarding attitudes toward people having revenge fantasies. Again, a four-option multiple response (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree) format and a Likert-type scale will be used (strongly disagree = 1, disagree = 2, agree = 3, strongly agree = 4) to measure the data.ReferenceBaumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as Escape from Self. Psychological Review, 97, 90-113.Egan, V. & Campbell, V. (2009) Sensational Interests, Sustaining Fantasies and Personality Predict Physical Aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 464-469Gellerman, D. M. & Suddath, R. (2005). Violent Fantasy, Dangerousness, and the Duty to Warn and Protect. ledger of the American Academy of Psychiatric Law, 33, 484-495.Greenwald, D. F. & Harder, D. W. (1994). Sustaining Fantasies and Psychopathology in a Normal Sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 705-708.Greenwald, D. F. & Harder, D. W. (1995). Sustaining Fantasies, Daydreams, and Psycho pathology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 719-726.Greenwald, D. F. & Harder, D. W. (1997). Fantasies, Coping Behaviour, and Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 91-97.Harder, D. W. & Zelin, M. L. (1984). Sustaining Fantasies and Self-Concept Among College Students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 743-748Mardi, J. & Harowitz, M. D. (2007). Understanding and Ameliorating Revenge Fantasies in Psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 24-27.Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D. & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2007). Daydreaming About finis Violent Daydreaming as a Form of Emotion Dysregulation in Suicidality. Behavior Modification, 31, 867-879.Singer, J. L. & Antrobus, J. S. (1972). Daydreaming, Imaginal Processes and Personality A Normative Study. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.). The function and nature of imagery. (pp. 175-202). New York Academic Press.Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B. & Blonigen, D. M. (2009). Using Existing Self-Report Inventories to Measure the psychopathologic Personality Trait of Fearless Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 1006-1016.Zelin, M. L., Bernstein, S. B., Heijn, C., Jampel, R. M., Myerson, P. G., Adler, G., Buie, D. H. & Rizzuto, A. M. (1983). The Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire quantity of Sustaining Functions in Psychiatric Inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 427- 439.

Liberal arts and counseling

Another authorized acquisition that is in application in advocator-at-law is writing. This can be described as the presentation of thoughts and ideas in textual medium which is quite different from illustration.E very(prenominal) aspect of academics employs this scientific discipline and therefore they is no way we can have counselling without writing. Writing is very important because during advocate sessions, notes should be taken because in the end, you will use those notes in deducing your verdict.Writing skills here be very important because the notes taken have to take a certain logical order. Notes well taken in previous(prenominal) sessions can be used in various ways like in researches especi in ally when a particular problem is recurring and no permanent solution is forthcoming (Chen, Noosbond, & Bruce, 1998).Research done in counseling field is based on those notes that is taken or gotten from clients therefore the format of writing and how it is done is very impo rtant. This writing is not important to the counselor only but sometimes communication between the counselor and counselee may be through writing because of barriers in verbal communication.The goodness of this is that it tries to personify the problem and attain two entities. This makes analyzing the problem easier because you can look at the problem alone and the counselee alone thereby analyze the two entities separately and then combining your findings so that you can give a clinical and victor solution to the problem (Tomm, 1989).Writing option is a very effective method of counseling especially with the adolescents that are shy in expressing themselves and it exploits strength based approach not neglecting the cultural aspects of the society. This is essential in place setting up individual gaits because traditionally the adolescent is usually at a slower pace than the counselor.When the pace is set up, it builds up confidence on the part of the adolescent thereby speeding up the all in all process and making drawing of conclusions easy. However, the writing method may not be applicable to all adolescents especially those that are poor in writing skills (Tomm, 1989).The above liberal arts skills are phenomenal in effective counseling. They rely on one another such that it is almost like a mandatory requirement to have them or at least consider them before advancement of life story in counseling.Humanity study comes naturally despite it being included in most curricular in university studies. Oral expression is learnt especially when one is involved in literature studies where poetry is involved. The writing skill covers the other skills since after all is said and done one has to put down something.Writing is important in keeping records and conducting the counseling itself because sometimes it is a means of communicating with the clients. Contribution of liberal arts to counseling is immense almost making the two disciplines one because of interdep endence on one another.ReferenceChen, M., Noosbond, J. P., & Bruce, M. A. (1998). Therapeutic written document in group counseling An active change agent. ledger of Counseling and Development, 76, (2).404-411.Fristad, M. A., Gavazzi, S. M., & Soldano, K. W. (1999). Naming the enemy learning to differentiate mood disorder mood disorder symptoms from the self that experiences them. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 10, (9). 81-88.Hall, A. S., & Jugovic, H. J. (1997). Adolescents self-determination Assuming competency,. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 19, (6) 256-267Tomm, K. (1989). Externalizing the problem and internalizing the personal agency. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 8, (10).54-59Zimmerman, T. S., & Shepherd, S. D. (1993). Externalizing the problem of bulimia Conversation, drawing, and earn writing in group therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 12, (1). 22-31.

My Brother, My Executioner Essay

I The CharactersEstaquio Istak Salvador / Estaquio Istak Samson * Estaquio likewise know as Istak is a young man deals as an acolyte in the church in Cabugaw. He was embossed by founding spawn Jose, a Spanish non-Christian non-Christian priest in Cabugaw and gave him reas atomic number 53d education about mend arts and former(a) practical skills that do him fit to become a priest. Istak got ditch during their stay in Cabugawan and that cartridge holder, Capitan Gualberto Together with his Spanish formal alsok An-no and kil lead him. Dalin* Dalin is a widow and became the wife of Estaquio Istak Salvador. She was brought by An-no unitedly with her late married man who died in Po-on because of his illness. Dalin was the reason why Istak and An-no had near mis pictureing. During Istaks jaunt together with their relatives in Po-on, Dalin was the maven who led the route to Pangasinan because she was the champion who is familiar to the place. Ba-ac* Ba-ac is the Father of Istak and the Wife of Mayang. He is very angry and at the very(prenominal) age, bitter to the Spanish Colony because of losing his oneness hand. Ba-ac was the one who killed the bleak priest in Cabugaw after he went and beg to the priest for Istak to be in the church again. He was also the one who led the excursion to Pangasinan together with his family and relatives. He died during the move around because of the python who struck him.Mayang* Mayang is the Wife of Ba-ac and the mother of Istak, An-no and Bit-tik. She doesnt want Dalin to be with Istak because Dalin was in like manner young to be a widow. Mayang died in the journeying to Pangasinan when Istak and Mayang was crossing the Agno river and the guide trunk hit the pusher where in Mayang was inside that made the cart swallowed by the water raging d testify the river.Mariano An-no Salvador* An-no is the pal of Istak and Bit-tik and the parole of Mayang and Ba-ac. He was the one who brought Dalin to Po-on. An-no together with his family and relative went on a journey to Pangasinan. During their journey, He met orang, Blas daughter and became his husband. An-no died because of Capitan Gualberto and other Spanish official who took him and killed him because of his fathers fault.Silvestre Bit-tik Salvador* Bit-tik is also the brother of Istak and An-no and the son of Mayang and Ba-ac. He also went to Pangasinan together with his family and relatives. During their stay in order order Rosales, Pangasinan. Bit-tik met Diego Silang during their stay in Rosales. He also has a girlfriend, Sabe, who dedicate Cabugawan, their new townsthe great unwashed and married a farmer from Carmay. exclusively when An-no died, he took responsibility of the devil children of his late brother and the farm. He became the husband of Orang, An-nos wife.Orang* Orang is the daughter of Blas Ba-ac and Mayangs relatives and the sister of Sabel who had an affair with Bit-tik, An-nos brother. Orang became widowed when A n-no got killed by the Spanish Officials but after the incident, she live with Bit-tik and became his wife.Padre Jose* Padre Jose is the Spanish priest who gave shelter and good education to Istak, an acolyte in the church in Cabugaw. Padre Jose helped Istak by dint of Istaks envisage where he talked to his acolyte and gave him advice during their journey. Padre Jose served as an inspiration to Istak. He was also the one who taught umpteen things to Istak that later on, helped Istak to defeat all the challenges and even sickness during their journey and during their stay in Cabugawan. dupe Jacinto* tangle with Jacinto was a plenteous and educated man living in Rosales, Pangasinan. He was the one who helped Istak, his Family and Relatives in their daily needs in vitality. He was also the one who offered the land to the Family and Relatives of Istak. Don Jacinto was a good friend of Istak during the stay in Rosales, Pangasinan. He was also the one who lend Dr. Jose Rizals news and even the newspaper to Istak in order for Istak understand more about the situation theyre going through that time. He is also a good friend of Apolinario Mabini who was staying with Don Jacinto.Apolinario Mabini* Apolinario is a good friend of Don Jacinto during that time. He is the cripple who asked for a estimate to Istak. He was also the one who gave the job to Istak in delivering the garner to the President, Emilio Aguinaldo. Apolinario Mabini is well educated and has a fretfulness in writing. He continued writing because he wants to encourage hoi polloi to be united as one and fight against the acress freedom. ordinary Pio Del Pilar* General Pio Del Pilar was a common that time who led the fight against the Ameri hindquarterss. He was also the one whom Istak talked with regarding the garner that Apolinario Mabini displace to the President, Emilio Aguinaldo. Istak coupled his military in defeating the Ameri hind ends that time.II Summary of the NovelEstaquio Ista k Salvador is an acolyte in the church in Cabugaw. Istak served in the convent for intimately x years. His mentor, Padre Jose was the one who gave him shelter, food and even good education which made Istak fluent in Filipino, Latin and Spanish and even familiar with practical skills and medicine. With Istaks knowledge, he was fit to be a priest and someday, Padre Jose told him that he could go to Vigan and be serve the church there as a priest. further when the time comes, when Padre Jose was replaced by a new younger Spanish priest in Cabugaw, Istak was sent home to Po-on because the priest told him that he doesnt need him anymore and maybe because of what Istak saw during his stay in the Church where in the new Spanish priest, having an illicit sex to one of Capitan Berongs daughter.The time comes when the new priest told them to evacuate the land that they dont even own. Because of this, Istaks father, Ba-ac who is angry and bitter to the Spanish colony because of what happen ed to his one hand, went to Cabugaw and beg to the priest to allow them to stay in the land for just one harvest since they dont withstand anything to keep if they will leave the village. He also begged to the priest to allow his son, Istak to go back to the church and serve as an acolyte again but the priest doesnt allow them. During that time, Ba-ac was surprised to find out that the priest he was talking was the one who ordered his official to eyeholeed Ba-acs hand until it became numb. Due to Ba-acs anger, he killed the young Spanish priest with the use of a silver crucifix.With this, he was forced to move out to Po-on flat together with his family and relatives. He went to a journey to Pangasinan in order for him to escape the punishment of the Spanish government to him. During their preparation for the upcoming escape in po-on, An-no, brought Dalin together with her sick husband to the village and eventually died because of the illness. The Family and Relatives of Ba-ac im mediately moved out the village pull up for Istak who refused to go with them. But when the Spanish officials travel byed Po-on, everyone left except for Istak that made his life in danger.He was scalelike to death that time but luckily, Dalin went to him and saved him. Their journey starts which led by Dalin and Istak who be familiar with the road. They also met Blas and his daughters during the journey to Pangasinan. During their voyage, theyve been through a lot of challenges. One of Istaks relatives got killed because of the encounter of the Bagos. Ba-ac also died during the journey to Pangasinan because of the Python who waited and attacked him. When they reach the Agno River, an unexpected situation happened when Istak together with Mayang, his mother was crossing the river then suddenly a huge tree trunk hit the cart where Mayang was staying that caused Istaks mothers death.They in the long run reached Rosales, Pangasinan through journeying for almost two weeks. When the y reached Rosales, the citizenry living their told them to go to Don Jacinto, a well known man in the place and ask for some help. Istak never wasted a chance, instead, he went to Don Jacintos star sign in Rosales, Pangasinan and asked for some help. Don Jacinto didnt hesitate to help them.He gave a land to them where they can start their new life. Istaks family and relatives called their new village, Cabugawan, since they are from Cabugaw. They lived in Cabugawan for almost ten years. During their stay, Istak and Dalin got married and had two sons namely, Antonio and Pedro. An-no and Orang also lived together but An-no died because of the Spanish officials and Capitan Gualberto who took him. Later on, Bit-tik and Orang lived together and Bit-tik took the responsibility of his brothers children.Istak became close to Don Jacinto and soon enough, he also became close to Apolinario Mabini, Don Jacintos friend. That time, Mabini was sick and Istak gave him some medicines for him to dr ink. As time goes by, Istak earned the trust of Don Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. He was asked by Mabini to send the letter to the President, Emilio Aguinaldo. During Istaks trip, he experienced problems because of the Americans who were in the country that time. In Istaks trip, he encountered American officials who sapidity his horse, Kimat.He also encountered problems where American burned the whole village and killed all the people there. He at last reached a village where General Del Pilar was. Istak lost the letter addressed to the president but instead, he told the General about the letter of Mabini, what he really wants for the country to be united as one. But Gen Del Pilar was not convinced and he sent Istak home. Istak never went home but instead, he stayed and joined General Pio Del Pilars army against the American soldiers.III abridgment of the NovelA. Literary AnalysisCharactersEstaquio Istak Salvador/ Estaquio Istak Samson* Estaquio Salvador is the Major/Central C haracter in the Novel, Po-on by F. Sionil Jose. He was the one who resolves the conflict in the midst of Ba-ac and the Spanish Officials by leaving Po-on and gives information to his family and relatives of what he have intimate during his stay in the convent and his journey with Padre Jose.Istak Salvador is also the Protagonist in the Novel since he was the one who faced the conflict during the time where the new priest wanted them to banished in Po-on and he was also the one who faced and experience situations where in he almost died. Istak is also a dynamic character since he changes his personality during the period. At first, he was contented in healing, teaching his fellow villagers but as time goes by, when he was asked to deliver the letter to the president and when he met Gen. Del Pilar, He leave what he used to do way back to Rosales and began to join the army to fight with the Americans. Ba-ac* Ba-ac, the father of Istak, Bit-tik and An-no, and the wife of Mayang is the Major/Central Character in the romance. He was the one who somehow resolves the conflict between him, Istaks and the new Spanish priest in Cabugaw by begging the new priest to accept Istak in the convent. He was also the one who lead Po-on villagers to leave the village.Dalin* Dalin, a widow and the wife of Istak played as a Minor Character in the Novel, Po-on. In the novel, Dalin was the one who helped Istak and the Po-on villagers by leading the way to Pangasinan since she was familiar with the place. Mayang, An-no, Bit-tik, Orang* Mayang, the wife of Ba-ac, An-no and Bit-tik, the sons of Mayang and Ba-ac and Orang serve as Minor Characters in the novel. They were the one who helped Istak, Ba-ac and fellow Po-on villagers in journeying the land of Pangasinan.Padre Jose* Padre Jose, a Spanish priest in Cabugaw serves a Minor Character in the novel. He was the one who helped Istak by giving him enough education, teaching him about medicine and other practical skills and by teachin g him disparate languages such as Spanish and Latin. He akso helped Istak during their journey when he appeared in Istaks dream. The journey that Padre Jose and Istak had also helped Istak in journeying their way to pangasinan since Istak became familiar with the roads they are seeking that time.Don Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini* Don Jacinto, a well known man in Rosales, Pangasinan serves as a Minor Character in the novel. He helped Istak during their stay in Rosales, Pangasinan. He even gave lands to the Po-on Villagers. Don Jacinto also helped Istak to broaden his learning when it comes to the affable situations in the country by lending him newspapers and other materials that Dr. Jose Rizal wrote. Apolinario Mabini, Don Jacintos close friend and became Istaks friend also serves as a Minor Character in the Novel. Apolinario helped Istak during his stay in Rosales by giving writings that helped Istak in understanding the situations in the country.New Priest in Cabugaw and Capitan Gualberto* They serve as the antagonists in the novel, Po-on. The new priest was the one who ordered to loop Ba-acs hand and the one who want to banished the villagers in Po-on and other villages in Cabugaw. Capitan Gualberto serves as an antagonist in the novel because he was the one who seek for Ba-acs family in Rosales, Pangasinan and the one who killed An-no as a payment for Ba-acs mistake.PlotThe event in the novel, Po-on by F. Sionil happened from 1880 to 1889. During this time, the Salvador Family together with their relatives who live in the village abandoned their beloved village, Po-on because of the sin that Ba-ac, the father of Istak, An-no and Bit-tik and the Husband of Mayang committed when he killed the new priest after realizing that he was the one who ordered to loop Ba-acs hand until it became numb. When Salvador Family and other Po-on villagers leave Po-on, Istak, the acolyte who served for more than 10 years in the convent in Cabuyaw mean to stay in the village , hoping that the Spanish officials will accept and understand what happened in the convent.Unfortunately, Istak got nearly killed by the Spanish Officials and the Village was burned and turned into ashes. Dalin waited for Istak and was the one who took care of him when he got almost killed by those Officials. The Po-on Villagers leave Cabugaw and took the journey to Pangasinan where they can start their lives again and for them to escape the cruelty of those Spanish officials who are looking for Ba-ac. During their journey to Pangasinan, they encountered many challenges that tested their patience, unity and strength. During their voyage, they encountered Capitan Gualberto who once checked the carts of the Po-on Villagers.When they reached the bulk, they encountered Bagos who killed a Po-on Villager uring the attack. Their journey to the mountain became difficult for the villagers. Ba-ac was killed during the journey to the mountain when a Python waited for the right moment to stri ke on its prey. Istak, who noticed that his father was no longer seated in the cart went back to check for his father but he found out that the Python was annihilating the body of Ba-ac that caused his death. The Villagers now reached the Agno River but the current of the water is too fast that caused Mayangs death when she and Istak in conclusion crossing the river then suddenly, a tree trunk hit their cart.Salvador Brothers namely Istak, An-no and Bit-tik, together with their relatives now reached Rosales, Pangasinan. During their Arrival, the people in Rosales told the po-on villagers to ask Don Jacinto for help. Istak doesnt hesitate to go and ask for Don Jacintos help and luckily, they were given a land to develop and claim it as their own, and named their land, Cabugawan. During their stay in Cabugawan, Istak are doing some healing to those who are sick. That time, a harmful disease was spreading in the nearby town that made Cabugawan Villagers threatened. As time goes by, t he Spanish officials together with Capitan Gualberto reached the place where the Po-on villagers are staying.During that time, Istak got sick and he was too weak to function. When he lastly recover from his Illness, Dalin, now his wife told him that these officials took An-no and killed him as the payment for what their father did way back in Cabugaw. During their stay in Rosales, Istak became closer to Don Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini, Don Jacintos good friend. Istak worked for Apolinario Mabini that time as the one who writes the draft made by Apolinario. As time goes by, the trust between Istak, Apolinario and Don Jacinto became stronger that made Apolinario trust Istak with the letter to be delivered to the President of the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo. When Istak journeyed to the location of the President of the Philippines, he encountered Americans who killed people in the village and Burned the whole village.The horse lend by Don Jacinto was shot during his encounter with t he Americans that made Istak walked on the road and even in the mountains. He finally reached a village where he can buy a horse and that time, he met General Pio Del Pilar who lead the Filipino army against the Americans. Istak told the General about the letter for the president given by Apolinio Mabini that was lost. General Del Pilar asked Istak to leave the village immediately but Istak stayed and finally realized to join the army of General Pio Del Pilar.SettingThe event in Po-on happened in Ilocos Region and the Cordillera Mountain Range. Po-on was in Cabugaw, Ilocos. When Istaks family and relatives went to Pangasinan, they settled in Rosales. It all happened during the last few years of the Spanish Colonization and few months of American period.Point of ViewEstaquio, also known as Istak is the tertiary person who is talking in the novel, Po-on. He was the one who narrates what happened when he and Padre Jose had their journey, and when they had a conversation in his dream. Estaquio also portrayed the first person in the novel because at some point, he was the one narrating what happened during his and Padre Joses journey. The author, F. Sionil Jose is the third person talking in the novel because he is the one who narrates the grade by this personal point of view. Dalin, Istaks wife portrayed the third person in the novel because there is time where she narrates what happened to her life during her voyage with her parents.ThemeThe theme of the novel, Po-on by F. Sionil Jose is the birth of the Philippine nation and the awakening of the Filipino citizens regarding the situations of the country during the Spanish and American Period. The theme of the novel is also the suffering of the people and the will of idol.B. Sociological AnalysisThe political and social situations revolved in the novel, Po-on were the Spanish and Americans who claimed the Filipinos land, as their own land and how those people who called themselves superiors act in the society. The officials during that time only think about theirselves and how they will inherit all the lands in the country. Those officials who treated theirselves as superiors did everything that they can do to the citizens in the Philippines. They dont have any respect to the people in the country especially to the women who were abused by those officials.C. ValuesThe set that were defend in the novel are the uniqueness of each person, empowerment, learning community and delight in the spiritual adventure with god. The uniqueness of each person portrayed in the novel serves as a big help for them to overcome all the challenges in life. This uniqueness includes the ability of each person to do everything that will make his/her life more meaningful, the strength and patience of each person experiencing challenges. The learning community is also present in the novel since the people in Po-on and now based in Cabugawan, Rosales, Pangasinan learned new techniques in handling their new life in Pangasinan.The people in Cabugawan learned to call down their skills when it comes to field plant. Lastly, the delight in the spiritual adventure with God is also present in the novel since Istak and other Po-on natives have a strong belief with God and offer their selves to the purpose of god for their lives. These value relate to the core values in Assumption College because just like the people portrayed in the novel, the core values of Assumption also portrayed the students and faculty when it comes to the morals of Assumption College.D. The Image of the muliebrityThe images of the women portrayed in the novel are strong and very independent when it comes to field works. Dalin showed how strong she is when it comes to challenges. She had been through a lot of challenges in life that tested her patience and strength. Orang, Blas daughter also showed strength when she was took return by the Spanish officials. Despite of what happened to her, she remained strong. Mayang, Ba- acs wife also showed strength when Ba-ac died. She is also independent when it comes to her works in the village. These women were not respected by the Spanish officials that time. That time, they were inferior to the eyes of these officials.E. RelevanceIn the novel, Po-on, some of the situations happened that time were also present in the society today. It showed how people were abused, were not respected by those people who think they are superior. As a woman, the situation happened during Dalin and Orangs time struck me because nowadays, it is allay happening in the society. Women are abused by men, trying to get the dignity of these women. The social issues happened that time is also present in our society today. The Spanish officials present in the novel can be portrayed by the government officials who are present today. They have somehow the same traits Acting as if they are superiors, as if they own the lives of the people in the society. The novel imparted the people nowada ys how those people present during that time feel and experience.IV ConclusionAll in all, the novel, Po-on written by F. Sionil Jose portrayed the life of Istak and the Cabugawan Villagers in their newly hometown, Rosales in Pangasinan. After so many years of healing and teaching, Istak finally realized that he will just forget the things he used to do in Cabugawan and joined the army of General Pio Del Pilar who are against the Americans. Istak finally joined the army and leave his fate to Gods hand.Istak didnt even bother going back to Cabugawan when General Pio Del Pilar asked him to. He finally forgets all the things he used to do in his hometown and do what is right for the country.